. La morphologie des chordés. La morphologie (animaux) ; Chordés. artère pulmonaire, bifurcation trachéale bronches apical de la bronche droite milieu lobe inférieur du lobe supérieur gauche. bronche ébauche de la plèvre viscérale B le lobe inférieur de primordium mésenchymateuses stroma de lung 8 mm 20 mm La figure 9-29. Tfiree étapes dans le développement des poumons de l'o. Patten, 1946 (après) l'origine sur le pubis, cette feuille musculaire fans out et in- serts sur la marge postérieure libre du foie. Il appelle l'arrière de la masse du foie et du coeur, augmentant ainsi le volume thoracique. Un mécanisme similaire est observé dans le Turtle

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. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. pulmonary artery, apical bronchus tracheal bifurcation upper right bronchus middle lobe lower lobe upper. lobe left bronchus primordium of visceral pleura B lower lobe mesenchymal primordium of stroma of lung 8 mm 20 mm Figure 9-29. Tfiree stages in the development of the lungs of o human. (After Patten, 1946) origin on the pubes, this muscular sheet fans out and in- serts on the free posterior margin of the liver. It draws the liver and heart mass backward, thus increasing the thoracic volume. A similar mechanism is observed in the turtle and in the lizard Tupinambis. Most lizards appear to respire by means of body-wall movements only. Birds The lung of a bird (Figure 9-30) is an extremely com- pact organ broadly attached dorsally to the body wall as in the turtle. From the lungs five pairs of air sacs extend out through the remainder of the body cavity. These are the cervical, clavicular, anterior and posterior thoracic, and abdominal air sacs. (In the chameleon small sacs grow out from the lung proper and suggest the origin of the air sacs of the bird.) The air sacs of the bird extend into the large bones of the body and even into the vertebrae. The volume of the body cavity is altered by movements of the ribs acting on the sternum and through the abdommal muscles. In flight, contraction of the pectoral muscles act- ing on the wings compresses the body. The lungs are sep- arated from the rest of the body cavity by a membrane having the same associations as the pleuroperitoneal por- tion of the mammalian diaphragm. This membrane has several slips of muscle from the internal oblique series insert- ing on it, and these can act to pull the membrane backward and thus increase the pulmonary volume. Air is drawn in with expansion of the body volume and it passes through the central cavity of the lung, the meso- bronchus. The mesobronchus opens into a series of dorsal and ventral bronchi which branch outward to all p

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