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Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (September 29, 106 BC - September 29, 48 BC) was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. His success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office. He was consul three times and celebrated three triumphs. In 60 BC, Pompey joined Crassus and Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate, which Pompey's marriage to Caesar's daughter Julia helped secure. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar then contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. Plutarch has him meet his fate with great dignity, one day after his 58th birthday. His head and seal were presented to Caesar, who mourned this insult to his former ally and son-in-law, and punished his assassins and their Egyptian co-conspirators, by putting them to death.
