. Bactériologie pharmaceutique. Bactériologie, désinfection et de désinfectants. 8 BACTEEIOLOGY PHARMACEUTIQUE tion de cette maladie. C'est, le " nitro-aerial" principe, qui provoque ou stimule la vie végétale et animale, est censé devenir vicié. La corruption est un principe subtil ou d'une vapeur "aura" qui est '- extri des entrailles de la terre." Ce fléau - causant poison était dit d'affecter les arbres et autres plantes, poissons et autres animaux, ainsi que l'homme. M. Mead a déclaré que les épidémies ont été causés par (i) des personnes malades, (2) les marchandises importées d'une

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. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. 8 PHARMACEUTICAL BACTEEIOLOGY tion of this disease. That is, the " nitro-aerial" principle, which causes or invigorates plant and animal life, is supposed to become vitiated. The corrupting principle is a "subtle aura or vapor" which is ' extri- cated from the bowels of the earth." This plague-causing poison was said to affect trees and other plants, fishes and other animals, as well as man. Dr. Mead declared that epidemics were caused by (i) diseased persons, (2) goods imported from infected places, and (3) a vitiated or poisoned state of the air, notions which may be considered as the direct forerunners of the germ theory of disease. Let us now go back and consider the ancient ideas regarding spontane- ous generation. Anaximander, of Miletus, who lived during the forty- third Olympiad (610 B. C); believed that many animals developeddenovo, from moisture and water acted upon by sun and warmth. The extremist.. 7n Pig. 1.—From'the Arcana Natura of A. van Leeuwenhoek. The first published illustration of bacteria. These bacilli of the mouth cavity were seen with the aid of sim- ple lenses only, a, b, bacilli; c, a spirillum; e, perhaps chain forms of bacilli; d, illustrat- ing the characteristic motion of certain bacilli (re to m). Empedocles of Agrigentum (450 B. C), declared that all living things upon the/arth were capable of originating spontaneously. Aristotle (384 B. C.) taught that some plants and animals originated spontaneously. Ovid, some three centuries later, gives instructions how to create bees spon- taneously in the carcasses of horses. To within recent times the belief that certain animals could originate spontaneously, that is, without a pre- existing parent, was quite general, and differed only in grotesqueness. Cardan as late as 1542 declared that water created fishes, and that many fermentative processes created animals. Van Helmont gives instruct

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