La consommation pulmonaire, pneumonie, et des maladies des poumons : l'étiologie, la pathologie et le traitement, avec un chapitre sur le diagnostic physique . Fig. 9.-Diagramme montrant la relation entre les lobes des poumons à la paroi avant de la poitrine.-Fowler. On peut dire que chaque lobe a une forme de cône, apex withits réalisé en avant ou en arrière. Lobe supérieur donc de la gauche et des lobes supérieur et moyen du poumon droit ont leurs sommets derrière et au-dessus, et dans theirbases avant ; tandis que les lobes inférieurs des deux poumons ont theirapices devant et au-dessous, et leurs bases large derrière. 248

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Pulmonary consumption, pneumonia, and allied diseases of the lungs : their etiology, pathology and treatment, with a chapter on physical diagnosis . Fig. 9.—Diagram showing the relation of the lobes of the lungs tothe front wall of the chest.—Fowler. It may be said that each lobe has a cone-like shape, withits apex directed either forward or backward. Thus theupper lobe of the left and the upper and middle lobes of theright lung have their apices behind and above, and theirbases in front; while the lower lobes of both lungs have theirapices in front and below, and their broad bases behind. 248 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. This is partly illustrated in the diagrams of figures 9 and10, which show a side view of both lungs. The septum, which separates the upper and lower lobes of the left lung, begins near the top behind and extends diagonally down-wards and forwards and ends in front near the base of thechest. The septa which divide the right lung into three lobesalso begin at the top behind and extend downward and for-ward. It appears, therefore, that the upper lobe of the leftlung occupies the whole of the front of the chest except a. Fig. 10.—Diagram showing the relation of the lobes of the lungs tothe wall of the chest, posteriorly.—Fowler. small area at the side, where the anterior part of the lowerlobe is seen. The upper lobe of the right lung occupies thefront of the chest as far as the fourth rib, and the middlelobe extends from here down to the base of the chest, onlyallowing a small point of the lower lobe to appear laterally.On the back the lower lobes absorb nearly the whole surfaceon both sides—extending form the third dorsal spine to thebase of the chest. The upper lobes take up the space above PATHOLOGY OF PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. 249 the third dorsal spine, and the middle lobe of the right lungis just visible at the side. In a biological sense the lungs develop from the ventralwall of the intestinal canal in the form of a short, blind tube, which is att

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